Written Exam Historiography
Module
I. Written Exam. Question Block I.
Please
answer as fully as possible, providing examples, if necessary.
Question
1: The definition of science and scientific research. Scientific knowledge and
scientific method.
Question
2: Transformation of historiography in India in the nineteenth century.
Colonial historiography; the emergence of a modern historical consciousness .
Answer
Etymologically, definition of science is gotten
from the Latin word scientia meaning knowledge. Science is knowledge to
learning in any area that using "the scientific method". Science can
be assembled into two categories: natural science and social sciences.
Natural science is the science of naturally
occurring objects or phenomena. Natural sciences can be classified into
physical sciences, earth sciences, life sciences, and others. Physical sciences
consist of physics (the science of physical objects), chemistry (the science of
matter), and astronomy (the science of celestial objects). Earth sciences, Life
sciences and other also consist from different focus sciences.
In contrast, social science is the science of
people or collections of people, economic, politic, social and psychology.
Social sciences can be classified into psychology (the science of human
behaviors), sociology (the science of social groups), and economics (the
science of firms, markets, and economies).
Sciences can also be classified based on their
purpose. Basic sciences (physics,
mathematics, and biology), and the second one is Applied sciences, engineering (physics+ chemistry), medicine (chemistry+
biology) etc.
Scientific research is research analysing data related
to contribute with a body of science,
and follows the scientific method.
Scientific method refers to a standardized
set of techniques for building scientific knowledge, such as how to make
valid observations, how to interpret results, and how to generalize those
results. The scientific method must satisfy four characteristics: Replicability,
Precision, Falsifiability and Parsimony
Scientific knowledge is refers to a generalized body of laws and theories
to explain a phenomenon or behaviour of interest that are acquired using the scientific method. Scientists will
analyse and interpret their data, hypotheses, theories, and results also review other scientist in context of scientific
knowledge.
Four factors as scientific knowledge:
1) independent and testing,
2) peer review and publication,
3) measurement of actual or potential rate of error
4) degree of acceptance within the scientific community.
nomor2
In South India in nineteenth century there was a
tradition of historical writing that in significant ways conformed to
historical genre. it was forms as prose and poetry with Mughal Persian historiography
that narrow political focus, decline of Mughal power and later with the new
political presence of the East India Company.
This Mughal Persian historiography was fundamentally
about moral of India. Ghulam Hussain Tabatabai (1727), author Seir Mutaqherin
(1781) also aware of the differences in the political culture of the East
Indian Company (EIC), and this engendered a new political and historical
consciousness.
The basic commodity of EIC from india were Tea, salt,
cotton, silk and opium. For maintain this commerce EIC needed to made maritime
fleet, armies, and diplomat. For reach this goal, In the beginning of the
nineteenth century, EIC started to write Indian histories.
There is two types of historical writing from EIC, The
first is written by British servants of the Company or called as administrative
historical narratives. The administrator historians, such as James Mill, he has
position as Chief Examiner of Correspondence in London, he wrote histories of
India but never even set foot in India, and other one is Sir Henry Elliot that
write History of India as told by Indian historian.
The second genre was represented mainly by Bengali
Hindu literati (pandits, or scholars) commissioned by the Company College at
Fort William, Calcutta, to write history texts as language primers.
Three of the pandits’ works that come to our attention
are Ramram Basu with Raja Pratapaditya Charita (The Story of King Pratapaditya,
1801), Rajiblochan Mukhopadhyay’s with Maharaj Krishnachandra Rayasya Charitram
(The Life of King Krishnachandra, 1805) and Mritunjoy Bidyalankar with Rajabali
(Chronicle of Kings, 1808). Nor did the book show any awareness of the concept
of nation, because the protagonists were gods and kings.
However, in the next few decades Indian historical
writing was demythologized and rationalized. An important reason for this
change was that colonialism used history to justify its rule: the arguments of
good governance, civilizing mission etc. were used to contrast with a
deplorable precolonial past. Indian history was taught in the missionary
schools, colleges and also in the newer vernacular Schools that were created to train the clerks and servants
of the
Empire.
These modern schools, which gradually displaced the traditional tols,
pathshalas (elementary school) and madrasas, emphasized a curriculum aligned
with colonial educational values.
Further, since the colonialist narratives ascribed the
British presence in India to the reason of history itself, it became necessary to produce a
counter-mythology to invalidate this assertion. One
important metanarrative to emerge contrasted a materialistic West with a spiritual East;
although the West would have its moment, history would
end with the triumph of the
Indian spirit.
This
role began for religious revivalism from Indian Hindu and Indian Islam. Latter
Hindu, Islam and British presence make new identity of modern India. Indian can
compare its civilization with Greek,
Roman empire, Muslim empire and medieval Europe. This discourse made indian
nationalism and good economic wellbeing of Indian people.
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